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Solutions for Side Effects

• Two Possible Solutions to the Problem:

1. Write the language definition to disallow functional side effects
• No two-way parameters in functions
• No non-local references in functions
• Advantage: it works!
• Disadvantage: Programmers want the flexibility of two-way parameters (what about C?) and non-local references

2. Write the language definition to demand that operand evaluation order be fixed
• Disadvantage: limits some compiler optimizations